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Join a Union, Why Bother?
It is not surprising that many people no longer see the relevance of
joining a trade union, and that a lot of workers see those 'leading'
the trade union movement as part of the problem rather than the
solution
Anarchists and the trade
unions - Be active - be involved
Trade Unions are important organs of the working-class. Gregor Kerr -
a member of the Irish National Teachers Organisation who has been
involved in campaigns against "social partnership" and in many strike
support groups - argues that trade union involvement should form a
central part of the political activity of all anarchists.
The anarchist origins of May Day
[1995]
Not many people know why May Day became International Workers Day and
why we should still celebrate it. It all began over a century ago
when the American Federation of Labour adopted an historic resolution
which asserted that "eight hours shall constitute a legal day's
labour from and after May 1st, 1886". In Italian as
Le origine anarchiche del
Primo Maggio
The Price of Being
Reasonable
There were fewer strike days last year than in any year since the
1920s. At the same time the number of disputes referred to the Labour
Court was up 21%. Does this mean that 'going through the procedures'
and being 'reasonable' is paying dividends of workers?
Solidarity - The Working
Class Weapon
In reality, sympathy strikes are a workers' best weapon as
individually we have little power compared to the boss. Standing
together, however, we can defend our rights. The bosses know this,
hence the attack on even the barest form of solidarity by workers
Low pay = Jobs? A global
lie
A low paid job is better than no job. At least that's what those
supporting corporate Globalisation argue. Big companies like Nike and
Gap pay workers badly, expect them to work long hours in appalling
conditions, buy off or exclude their trade-unions but at least at the
end of the day, these workers take home a pay packet.
Anarchists and the Trade
Unions
Trade unions were founded to defend the interests of workers, but
today have become more and more dominated by an unaccountable, and
often unelected, bureaucracy
WSM position paper on The Trade Unions
Unions - how can the 'democratic
deficit' be tackled?
The leaderships see themselves as a protected elite, and many union
members feel powerless to do anything about it. Rulebooks are often
written in such a way as to make it as difficult as possible for
ordinary members to influence how decisions are arrived at.
Syndicalism : Its strengths &
weaknesses
The main organisational form in libertarian politics today is
syndicalism. Alan MacSimon, a delegate to Dublin Council of
Trade Unions who has also attended a European gathering of
revolutionary unions looks at the potential, and limits, of
syndicalism.
The two souls of the trade
unions [1995]
Union activists are facing new management attacks but the trade union
leadership speaks only of partnership with the bosses. Des
Derwin, member of the Executive of the Dublin Council of Trade
Unions and of the Dublin Private Sector Regional Executive Committee
of SIPTU gives his personal view on the two souls of the unions.
They Call It The Law
If anybody was under any illusions that the 'law' treated trade
unionists fairly, or was in some way neutral when it came to trade
disputes, the events of a few weeks in late May/early June should
have been enough to rid them of such silly notions.
Break this law Industrial
Relations Act [1991]
A ban on strikes in 'essential services'. That was the call from the
bosses and conservative politicians in the wake of the ESB workers
dispute. The PDs and the Greens made reference to treating the ESB
workers 'like the army', TDs from the main parties talked of a ban on
strikes in 'essential services'
How much change can we achieve
within the unions [1993]
There is a great potential power in the trade union movement.
According to the Department of Industrial Relations in University
College Dublin (DUES Data Series on Trade Unions in Ireland) 54.6% of
employees in Ireland are trade union members.
Workers fight for
useful jobs
Jobs are under threat all over the place. It is not just ones that
are useful to us; that are chopped. There are also workers in plants
producing weapons, nuclear power, and so on whose futures are far
from secure
What the Lucas plan
proposed
Over a period of two years a series of proposals that later became
known as the Lucas Plan were drawn together through the active
involvement of most of the workers in the 15 different Lucas
factories. Its aim was to shift Lucas Aerospace, away from the
production of military goods and towards the production of socially
useful goods
Review : The Labour Movement and
the Internet
The internet - viewed by some as the highway to the future, dismissed
by others as an over - hyped toy with little practical value. Conor
Mc Loughlin reviews a new book on the internet and its use by the
labour movement.
Thinking about anarchism -
Unequal power, unequal pay
During the year a spate of reports have 'discovered' what a lot of
workers already know - that equal pay for equal work just doesn't
exist.
Accidents will happen?
[1994]
Workplace accidents rarely happen. They are caused. It is equally the
case that workers end up taking more than their fair share of blame
when things do go wrong
World Unemployment [1994]
Nearly one out of three workers in the world's labour force either
has no job or is earning too little to live decently, the
International Labour Organisation reports
37% illegally underpaid [1994]
Can we take on the
multinationals? [1995]
How do we deal with powerful multinational firms who often have an
international income greater than the Irish government? If we end up
having to strike they can often pack their bags and move to another
country; where they will receive another round of tax breaks, free
workforce training and preferential treatment.
Employment Equality Bill
[1997]
The Employment Equality Bill effectively gives schools and hospitals
which are controlled by either of the churches the right to
discriminate on the basis of marital status, family/parental status,
sexual orientation, race, religion or membership of the Traveller
Community
Looking after the rich and looking
down on the workers [Autumn 1999]
How comes the bosses can claim tax back on their membership
subscriptions but we can't?
Irish Workers Worth Double Their
Wages Says Employers' Study [Autumn 1999]
IRISH WORKERS are undervalued by 50% according to an international
study published earlier this year.
Workers copy TDs and demand an
extra £250 a week [2000]
These three motions were passed in January at the annual general
meeting of Public Service Executive Union
Confessions of a store
grunt [2000]
There are approximately 236,400 people working in the wholesale and
retail trade. Most of us working in this sector are badly paid, as
unskilled labour usually is
Surviving on the Minimum Wage in
Dublin [2004]
The amount of money you earn is one of the most important factors
that influence your quality of life.
Irish Glass Bottle workers
occupation
Workers at the Irish Glass Bottle plant in Ringsend have been in
occupation of the plant for the last couple of months. The plant is
closing, making some 375 workers redundant.
Democracy for our
unions
Do we just want to change the people at the top of our unions or do
we want to change our unions? Text of a leaflet distributed at 'Rank
and File Conference - Social partnership: Claiming Back Our Unions',
Sat. 10th Feb., Teachers' Club in Dublin
To break or not to break? -
new union to be set up?
An idea has been floated among sections of the left and among
activists in the ATGWU that a new union - independent of the ICTU
(Irish Congress of Trade Unions) and strongly anti -'partnership' -
be formed
Why Mick O'Reilly was
victimised
He has been a thorn in the side of the Irish government and the Irish
Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) bosses, being the only member of the
ICTU executive to consistently oppose the 'social partnership' deals.
SIPTU's Dirty Deal
SIPTU has signed its first ever no-strike deal with Connex, who run
Dublin's LUAS trams
March 16 04 - SIPTU section
supports Columbian Coca-Cola
SIPTU members in Trinity College have called for no investment in
Coca-Cola by the Trinity College pension fund
SIPTU General Secretary election results
The counting is over, SIPTU has a new General Secretary. Joe O'Flynn (the current regional secretary for the south west) has been voted into the post. He succeeds John Mc Donnell who is retiring.SIPTU election changes nothing
The big lesson from this contest is how weak the opposition in SIPTU is. 6.7% is not a good vote! There is no opposition network, simply a number of individuals who are fairly isolated from each other.Factory worker takes on SIPTU top brass
A radical shopfloor worker has put himself forward in the election for general secretary of Ireland's biggest union, SIPTU. Des Derwin, an assembly operative at the Mouldpro plastics factory in Dublin, is a long-time union activist and independent socialistSIPTU General Secretary elections
Readers of Workers Solidarity may recognise the name of Des Derwin, one of the candidates for the General Secretary of Ireland largest trade union, SIPTU
Trade Union news [1997]
Rank and file opposition continues in SIPTU
Did you hear about democracy in
SIPTU? Neither did we!
Democracy in SIPTU? A nice idea but one we will have to fight for.
October 7th 2001 - SIPTU's
Dublin Public Sector Regional conference
SIPTU's Dublin Public Sector Regional conference (SIPTU is the
biggest single union in the 26 counties public sector) took place at
the beginning of October in Jury's Hotel. Friday night saw the
conference kick off with a speech by Bertie Ahern*
and an spontaneous walkout by seven delegates
by Alan MacSimoin
Northern workers paid less
[1996]
Workers in northern Ireland are paid less then workers in Britain or
the rest of Ireland.
Strikes increase [1996]
The state is pleading with the union leaders to put a lid on the
recent increase in strikes. Will the rank and file workers be able to
stop this happening.
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Dunboyne Sacking - Union Failed
To Act
This dismissal raises many questions for teachers about the role
of religion in Irish primary education. Even further it raises
serious issues for INTO members about the failure of the union to
defend its members from bullying and intimidation by the
unaccountable 'owners' of the schools in which we work
ASTI: teachers show the way
but we need solidarity, not 'special cases'!
The secondary teachers took more than a few politicians by surprise.
Regarded as the most conservative of the three teachers' unions, they
were not expected to be leading a movement to break the PPF wage
limits. Yet, that is exactly what they have done.
Malcontents and 'cliques'
?? [May 2002]
The ASTI dispute as seen through the eyes of ICTU
Trinity College
SIPTU [1995]
Spy Cameras and pensions that give you no money were on the agenda
when the SIPTU members in Trinity College met for their annual
general meeting in March.
We all want early retirement
[1995]
On Tuesday May 23rd, approximately 15,000 teachers marched through
Dublin as part of their campaign for early retirement.
April 17th 2001 - Tackling the
'democratic deficit'
An article by WSM member Gregor
Kerr originally written for
'Teachers United Bulletin' which is being distributed at the Teachers
trade union conferences this week
What happened in the An Post
dispute [1992]
The An Post dispute which ended in June should be seen in the context
of a fight against casualisation by a well organised workforce. The
resignation of the left from the Outdoor branch committee
demonstrates that even at the lowest levels of the union a relatively
strong left presence can be muzzled by the rule book.
The Bank strike: What went
wrong? [1992]
BANK WORKERS went back to work on April 27th. After three weeks on
strike they voted narrowly to accept a revised offer from the big
four banks.
An Post strike [1996]
An interview with a striker during the recent An Post dispute
The Pay-Rise is in the Post
[2004]
Dishonest newsroom bosses told us about the "strike" in An Post.
There was no strike by workers, but there were hundreds of workers
suspended in what was effectively a lock-out by management.
Postal Workers Under Fire
[2005]
Interview: An Post and the Threat of Privatisation I hope things will
come around and that at the end of the day we will manage to save An
Post from privatisation. You don't want to think the opposite,
because it is your job. But the truth is that all the signs,
everything is pointing the other way around.
Irish Building workers ripped off
in Germany [1995]
Thousands of Irish building workers have gone to work in Germany over
the last few years. As European integration proceeds, German
contractors are increasingly turning to foreign workers. They want
foreign workers because they are cheaper, unorganised and easier to
push around
Building workers win
... SIPTU and Ryanair
[1998]
TWO HUGE STRUGGLES broke out earlier this year. One was for
union recognition at Ryanair,
the other was against the
black economy on building sites. Both showed that ordinary
workers are prepared to fight. The biggest union in the country,
SIPTU, seems to have done its best to snatch defeat from the jaws of
victory. Members of a small union, BATU, defeated one of the biggest
construction firms.
Strikes free bricklayers from jail [Spring 1999]
On October 21st William Rogers was arrested. Dave McMahon had been arrested at dawn the same morning. Word spread and bricklayers from other sites began walking off the job
Strike victory at Dublin store
[1995]
On Friday February 17th, following a 3-week strike in defence of a
colleague who had been unfairly dismissed, eight MANDATE members at
Knightingales store in Dublin's ILAC Centre returned to work
victorious.
Cork Workers Strike Against Low
Pay [1996]
Workers at the Early Learning Centre Toy Shop, in Cork, have been on
strike since early December. Management at the Cork store, have
refused to recognise the workers' union, Mandate, or to negotiate on
pay and conditions.
Cork strikers need support [1996]
The Early Learning Centre strike continues, what can be done to help it win.Early Learning Strike won [1996]
After a long and bitter strike the Early Learning Strikes have defeated the bosses in Cork. We report on this victory.
Aldi strike [September
2000]
The strike at the Aldi supermarket on Dublin's Parnell Street came to
an end on Friday August 18th. It marked the end of a bitter three
month struggle for union recognition
Tescos Exploits Foreign
Workers [2005]
During July and August, major Polish newspapers, TV and radio
stations carried a story about two Polish workers, who were dismissed
from TESCO in Dublin, because of their fight for workers' rights..
One of sacked warehouse attendants, Radek Sawicki tells us about the
struggle against TESCO and its consequences.
Irish Ferries: Time to break
the law
The dispute at Irish Ferries is about greedy bosses, very greedy
bosses who want to replace their staff with modern day galley slaves.
The consequences of
transport privatisation
More cars on the road means more road building, more road repairs,
more traffic jams and more air pollution
Transport privatisation:
working conditions under attack
Reduce wage costs, increase fares, cut back on less used routes.
That's the plan for the bus service. Airport workers are also looking
at worsening conditions with the threatened break up of Aer Rianta
Buses
Dublin Bus Drivers Suspended for
Union Organising
Are You or Have You Ever Been a Member of the Independent Workers
Union
Report from Dublin Busworkers
Anti privatisation Public Forum
This is one of a series of meetings where the workers are out to try
and explain their side of the story with the upcoming threat of
privatisation being faced by them.
Freight
Couriers organising
The militant couriers decided to act collectively when agitating for
the pay rise as one to one bargaining with an employer always leaves
the worker negotiating from a position of weakness
Keeping the blackleg truckers
out [1994]
Workers at Nolan Transport in New Ross joined SIPTU in January 1993.
Working hours averaged 15 per day, six days a week. Pay was
£2.00 - £2.50 per hour. It was six years since their last
wage increase.
Wexford strike declared illegal
[1995]
WORKERS AT Nolans Transport in New Ross have been told their strike
is illegal. They have been in dispute since February 1993 for better
pay, better conditions and union recognition
Trains
Letter - Rail strike averted
[1994]
One minute to mid-night on Friday 15th April and the rail strike is
averted
The Dublin lock-out of
1913 [1998]
The formation of the syndicalist ITGWU and the lock out of 1913 that
followed it.
Air
Sacked Belfast Airport security
workers speak out
24 "randomly selected" workers were handed suspension letters
and after a disciplinary hearing three days after that were sacked.
Why all the fuss about Aer
Rianta?
The state company which runs Cork, Dublin and Shannon airports is to
be broken up if the government get their way.
Aer Lingus
TEAM workers told not to expect a
decent job [1994]
The causes of the job cuts and attacks on workers conditions in TEAM
are international. They come about as a result of European
integration and the drive for the various European airlines to be
merged into a few super airlines.
Lets get together [1994]
THE ATTACKS on jobs, wages & working conditions at TEAM and Irish
Steel are only the beginning
Turn the anger into action
[1993]
The Cahill Plan is a devastating attack on workers' conditions in Aer
Lingus and its subsidiaries. Unlike Digital, where £4 million
was promised to try and save 800 jobs, the government are offering
Aer Lingus £175 million in return for 1,500 redundancies
Do We Tolerate
This?
Corks Home Helps, members of the Independent Workers Union, took to
the streets on Saturday in a march against the health cuts.This is
the text of a leaflet distributed by Cork WSM members on the march
1913 Lockout replayed at Pat the
Baker [1993]
LAST MARCH twenty five workers at Pat the Baker's Cherry Orchard
plant in west Dublin joined SIPTU. They wanted to improve their lousy
pay and conditions. The company, owned by Pat Higgins and based in
the Longford town of Granard, responded by sacking them.
Review: Remembering the
Lockout [1993]
The 1913 Dublin lockout happened when the bosses got together to try
and smash the ITGWU, workers who were members of this union were
locked out. The workers held out for a year, fighting the combined
forces of the bosses, the church and the cops. In the course of which
they set up one of the first armed workers defense forces, the
Citizen army.
Explosion in Cork Harbour
[1994]
The explosion and fire at the Hickson chemical plant in Ringaskiddy,
Cork, last August, has gone down as one of the most serious
industrial accidents in Ireland to date.
Hicksons chemical spill
[1994]
The company at the centre of last year's explosion and fire in
Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, pleaded guilty in July to three charges of
negligence and improper handling of hazardous chemical substances.
Social Welfare Bill 1999:
Hassling people into very low paid jobs [Summer 1999]
The Scheme Workers Alliance organises people on employment schemes to
combat cutbacks and win the extension of part-time workers rights. We
speak to the SWA about the upcoming Social Welfare bill.
Make your boss rich and lose your
job [Autumn 1999]
BECTU has accused the owners of Ulster Television of casualisation
after they announced 35 redundancies at the start of the summer.
Athy factory
occupation [2001]
As we go to press, workers are still occupying Peerless Rugs in Athy.
The plant had closed on July 4th
David Begg: Bertie's new
partner
ICTU general secretary David Begg condemned the anti-bin tax
campaign. He did this at the same time that the state was jailing
protesters and refusing to collect rubbish from thousands of
households in Dublin.
'Partnership' deals
[2003]
Mating Season in the Industrial Relations Jungle!
CPSU rejects PPF revision
[2001]
Civil and Public Service Union has voted by three to one to reject
the PPF revision to compensate for inflation
Mind your own Business:
Economics at Work [2001]
Workers today face a sustained barrage of economic arguments and
terminology which goes way beyond the old 'industry-speak' language
of classical collective bargaining. Our bosses speak constantly of
partnership and want to set up participation councils
If TDs can get a £10,000 pay
rise, why can't the rest of us? [2001]
Secondary teachers, rail signal workers and Aer Lingus cabin crew are
just some of the workers who have taken on both their own bosses and
the government. They aren't buying into the nonsense that we are all
equal partners with our bosses and are all getting a fair share of
the booming economy. Suddenly there is a chorus of very rich
employers and their paid economists telling us that the great Tiger
economy won't stretch to a wage rise that you might actually notice
in your pay packet.
Laughing all the way to the bank
[1991]
ALTHOUGH workers have been getting a bad deal out of the PNR and now
the PESP in terms of pay the same can hardly be said for Irish
bosses. In 1989-90 many executives got increases of 20% according to
a recent Irish Management Institute survey.
Solutions to the the jobs
crisis? [1992]
For the past five years the main plan touted to combat unemployment
in the 26 counties has been the PESP (Programme for Economic and
Social Progress) It involves the unions restricting pay demands and
industrial action. This strategy has not worked. Uunemployment has
risen. At the same time Ireland's Gross National Product has broken
all records.
You need another PESP like a hole in
the head [1993]
THE IRISH Congress of Trade Unions is to hold a special delegate
conference on September 30th. It will decide whether or not to enter
into talks on a further agreement to replace the Programme for
Economic and Social Development.
Lessons of Trade Union
Fightback [1994]
Following the vote on the Programme
for Competitiveness and Work at the end of March, the Trade Union
Fightback (TUF) campaign was wound up. Here Gregor Kerr, an
INTO member who was secretary of TUF, looks at the history and
lessons of the campaign.
More con trick than Concession
[1994]
Top Trade Union leaders like Phil Flynn, Billy Attley and Peter
Cassells have been working flat out to get the employers and
government to agree another national deal for pay restraint.
Significant minority say NO to
union leaders [1994]
The PCW is about pay restraint, job losses and promotion of a
fictitious 'partnership' between workers, bosses and government.
Competition or con [1995]
Ireland is the 19th most competitive country in the world
Some people are doing all
right [1995]
IRISH WORKERS enjoy fewer holidays than anyone else in the European
Union, work longer hours than workers anywhere else apart from
Britain, and suffer the highest rate of long term unemployment in the
countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation &
Development (OECD)
Review: Trade unionism's dark
soul [1997]
The trade union movement has two souls. The first derives from the
activities of members to improve their lot and control their unions.
The second is the dark soul consisting of the activities of leaders
whose only concern is to maintain industrial peace and harmony, often
at the expense of 'their' members.
SIPTU Fight-back and
National Partnership [1999]
For over a decade the unions have been in a
partnership with the bosses and
state. This partnership means promising not to strike on a wide range
of issues while accepting low pay rises. The problems with
partnership are obvious and at least 1/3 of the unionised workforce
has voted against previous deals. However partnership has severely
eroded 'shopfloor' organisation as little is left to local meetings
except individual cases.
Some lessons from the 'Campaign
Against A New Partnership Deal' [2000]
THE WORKERS Solidarity Movement have, since their inception with the
Programme for National Recovery in 1987, identified 'social
partnership' agreements as a major problem.
Partnership fight provides
real opportunity for return to activism in teachers' unions
[2000]
Activists in all three unions - INTO, TUI and ASTI - have united in
"Teachers Against Partnership"
Coca Cola Boycotted for
(complicity in) Murder [2003]
Members of the Latin America Solidarity Centre and other individuals
are working to promote the boycott and to raise awareness of this
issue in Ireland
Vampires in America
[1993]
The old Eastern European legend says that a vampire must be willingly
invited into the house of its victim, and once invited in has its
victim in its power. Members of the Teamsters Union (America's
largest general trade union) might well ponder this legend.
Aer France Workers show the
way [1994]
Workers in both France and Ireland were told they would have to
accept redundancies and worsening working conditions for the sake of
the company. In Ireland it's called the Cahill plan, in France it was
the Attali plan.
General strike in Spain
[1994]
Spain was closed down by a general strike in January. An Irish worker
in Barcelona, and activist in the anarchist National Confederation of
Labour (CNT-AIT) union, sent us this report.
French show how to fight... and
win! [1994]
Edouard Balladur and his government have been in retreat over the
last six months as the people of France take to the streets to
demonstrate their anger at new policies.
This is not SIPTU [1995]
The Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC) is a union which
describes itself as syndicalist and libertarian socialist.
Swedish trade union stays
Libertarian [1996]
A recent discussion in the SAC saw the union reaffirm its libertarian
politics
Interview with the SAC
[1997]
Kevin Doyle of the Workers Solidarity Movement interview's Lars
Hammarberg, an organiser with the Swedish syndicalist union the
Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC)
Review: The Spanish CNT and the
struggle in Puerto Real [1995]
This pamphlet is based on a talk by Pepe Gomez of the CNT's Puerto
Real/Cadiz section given in London in October 1993. It is based on
the long running battle between the CNT and the shipyard bosses.
French Workers Take on their
bosses [1996]
The strike wave that rocked France in the closing month of 1995 is
yet another example of the great fighting spirit of the French
working class. Yet when we look at the causes of the strike and the
relative weakness of French workplace organisation the question that
emerges is 'if they can do it, why can't we'?
Bengali workers fight 7-day week
[1996]
The National Garment Workers Federation which has links with
anarcho-syndicalists unions is fighting against a 7 day week.
Liverpool dockers strike
[1996]
The Liverpool dockers are now coming up to one year on strike in
their heroic struggle against the logic of capitalism.
The Liverpool dockers fight on [1997]
After over 18 months the Liverpool dockers are still fighting for their jobs, January 20 saw an international day of action in support of them
250 Million
children forced to work [1997]
Nearly twice as many children are working full time in
developing countries as previously thought, according to the
International Labour Organization.
Disney & McDonalds linked to $0.06 per hour sweatshop in Vietnam [1997]
Australian union bans
Indonesian ships [1997]
Australia's powerful Maritime Trade Union launched rolling bans on
Indonesian shipping to protest against the arrest of Indonesian trade
union activists
The unemployed are on the
march [1997]
A European March against Unemployment, Job Insecurity and Exclusion
has been called by a wide coalition of unions, unemployed and
political groups. Eleven separate legs of the march will arrive in
the centre of Amsterdam on the afternoon of June 14th, to coincide
with a European Union Inter-governmental Conference
Massive strike shakes
Denmark [1998]
The end of April and the start of May saw a massive strike wave in
Denmark. Almost half a million workers went on strike, including
almost all industrial workers and most workers in transport and
building.
Liverpool passes the baton to
Australia - Dockers are fighting back internationally [1998]
The Liverpool dockers were forced to end their dispute after 28
months in January of this year. Throughout their struggle the dockers
had identified the attack on them as part of an international attack
on dockworkers and on workers in general. On April 7th the main docks
company in Australia (Patricks) sacked its entire workforce of 1,400.
Russian workers beat off armed
attack on occupied factory [1999]
On July 9th 1999, eighty masked, uniformed gunmen accompanied by the
local prosecutor and other officials tried to storm the Vyborg Pulp
and Paper Mill, under occupation by its workers for the past eighteen
months
Syndicalist unions in
Siberia [2001]
Recently we received details of one of the newer syndicalist unions,
the Siberian Confederation of Labour (SKT).
Spanish Anarcho-syndicalists
demonstrate in Madrid
A figure of twenty to twenty-five thousand demonstrated on December
2nd in what is the largest so far of a series of mainly
'black-and-red' demonstrations carried out in Madrid and other
Spanish towns over the last few years.
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